Biology

Cards (24)

• 1
  Front

  What is the function of the mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?

  Back

  The mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration, producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to power cell activities. It is often called the powerhouse of the cell.

• 2
  Front

  What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell?

  Back

  The rough ER synthesizes and processes proteins (studded with ribosomes), while the smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals. Both transport materials within the cell.

• 3
  Front

  What are the three stages of cellular respiration and where does each occur?

  Back

  Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and the electron transport chain occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

• 4
  Front

  How many net ATP molecules are produced by one glucose molecule during cellular respiration?

  Back

  Approximately 36–38 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during complete aerobic cellular respiration.

• 5
  Front

  What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis alone?

  Back

  Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

• 6
  Front

  What are the two main stages of photosynthesis and where does each take place?

  Back

  The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes, and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.

• 7
  Front

  What molecules are produced by the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

  Back

  The light-dependent reactions produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen (O2 is released as a byproduct of water splitting).

• 8
  Front

  What is the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis?

  Back

  6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

• 9
  Front

  What are the four phases of mitosis in order?

  Back

  Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase (often followed by cytokinesis).

• 10
  Front

  How does meiosis differ from mitosis in terms of genetic outcome?

  Back

  Meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells, while mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells.

• 11
  Front

  What is crossing over and during which phase of meiosis does it occur?

  Back

  Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. It occurs during Prophase I of meiosis, increasing genetic diversity.

• 12
  Front

  What is Mendel's Law of Segregation?

  Back

  Each organism carries two alleles for each trait, and these alleles separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries only one allele for each trait.

• 13
  Front

  What is Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?

  Back

  Genes for different traits are sorted into gametes independently of each other, provided the genes are located on different chromosomes.

• 14
  Front

  What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa)?

  Back

  The expected phenotypic ratio is 3:1 (three dominant phenotype : one recessive phenotype).

• 15
  Front

  What are the three steps of DNA replication?

  Back

  Unwinding (helicase separates strands), priming (primase adds RNA primers), and elongation (DNA polymerase synthesizes new complementary strands).

• 16
  Front

  Why is DNA replication described as semi-conservative?

  Back

  Each new DNA double helix consists of one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand, conserving half of the original molecule.

• 17
  Front

  What are the two main stages of protein synthesis?

  Back

  Transcription (DNA is used to make mRNA in the nucleus) and translation (mRNA is read by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to assemble a polypeptide chain).

• 18
  Front

  What is the role of tRNA during translation?

  Back

  tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon to the mRNA codon, ensuring the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide.

• 19
  Front

  What are the three types of RNA and their functions?

  Back

  mRNA (messenger RNA) carries genetic instructions from DNA; tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids to the ribosome; rRNA (ribosomal RNA) forms part of the ribosome structure.

• 20
  Front

  What is natural selection?

  Back

  Natural selection is the process by which individuals with heritable traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully, passing those traits to offspring.

• 21
  Front

  What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures in the context of evolution?

  Back

  Homologous structures share common ancestry (e.g., human arm and whale flipper); analogous structures have similar function but different evolutionary origins (e.g., bird wing and insect wing).

• 22
  Front

  What are the five conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

  Back

  No mutation, no gene flow, random mating, no genetic drift (large population), and no natural selection. If all are met, allele frequencies remain constant.

• 23
  Front

  What is the difference between a food chain and a food web in ecology?

  Back

  A food chain is a single linear sequence of feeding relationships, while a food web is an interconnected network of multiple food chains within an ecosystem.

• 24
  Front

  What is the difference between primary and secondary succession in ecology?

  Back

  Primary succession begins on bare substrate with no existing soil (e.g., after a lava flow), while secondary succession occurs where a community was disturbed but soil remains (e.g., after a forest fire).